Security Cameras Systems

Security Cameras Journal

My sister is moving to Florence, Italy right before Christmas. What gift should I give her for the holidays?

She's already got a laptop, a camera, a journal, and etc. I need something creative. Something she may not have thought of. Something I'm not thinking of. All suggestions welcome. (And whatever it is, it has to be able to be cleared through airport security.)

Power converter plugs for her electronics so they will work on the different current used in Europe.

Heavy Duty Wall Mount Bracket For Dome Security Cameras $29.99 Use this wall mount for easy outdoor installation of the C480MDVAIVPDN or C480MD2VAIVPDN dome security camera.

Metal Security Enclosure for 940-GSM $49.99 Protect your unit from thieves or vandals with this outdoor, vandal-proof, metal security enclosure. Includes mounting bracket. Use with the 940-GSM.

Mini Portable Security DVR $189.99 Our new MPE1009 makes it easy to capture audio/video from any of our cameras. Setting up motion or scheduled recording is simple. The MPE1009 uses safe and secure SD cards for storage and transferring video evidence.

Vandalpoof IR Dome Security Camera $59.99 The tough metal housing and shatterproof glass make these cameras great for high-crime areas. The ball-turret design makes it easy to achieve the perfect viewing angle with ease. The IP66 weatherproof rating means you can place these cameras safely in harsh weather conditions.

Color Bullet Security Camera $79.99 This compact, color bullet security camera is perfect for harsh outdoor environments. The built-in 1/4" Sharp chipset produces 380 lines color resolution and low light rating of 1.0 lux. The advanced onboard auto iris and back light compensation give you crystal clear images throughout the day. This bullet camera is powered by 12 volts DC at 160mA. Our EZ-Connect cables are also included for quick and easy setup.

Weatherproof 65' IR Dome Security Camera $59.99 See with perfect clarity in total darkness up to 65 feet away with this weatherproof dome security camera. Our infrared dome security camera comes with a 1/3" Sony chipset that delivers 420 lines resolution and a 0.0 lux low light rating. The tough metal housing and shatterproof glass make this dome camera vandal resistant and great for demanding high-crime areas. The ball-turret design makes it easy to achieve the perfect viewing angle with ease. This dome camera is very compact and can blend into any outdoor or indoor environment. The IP66 weatherproof rating means you can place these cameras in the elements with no harm to the units.

Weatherproof IR Bullet Security Camera $109.99 This color IR security camera has an outstanding clear color picture during daytime and sees in the dark with 23 high intensity IR LEDs. The advanced 1/4" Sharp chipset produces 420 lines of resolution and with the aid of IR technology, gets 0.0 Lux low light ability. The precise 3.6mm mini lens has a 78 degree field of view.This camera is suited for use in retail shops, banking, residential security and industrial business locations. The camera operates on efficient 12-Volt DC and uses only 200mA of power. The included cable concealed metal bracket makes setup quick and easy.

65' IR Weatherproof Bullet Security Camera $99.99 One of the most common difficulties infrared cameras are susceptible to is IR bounceback. The CFC6042IR series cameras use the latest technology no-dye IR LED contrast-filtered glass to eliminate all bounceback, which gives you a clear view under any lighting conditions. The vandalproof housings can stand up to the harshest environments and keep on working flawlessly throughout the life of the camera. With the choices of nighttime illumination covering anywhere from 65’ to 165’, all your applications can be securely covered by one of these innovative units. These cameras are great for schools, prisons and bank applications.

165' IR Weatherproof Bullet Security Camera $119.99 One of the most common difficulties infrared cameras are susceptible to is IR bounceback. The CFC6042IR series cameras use the latest technology no-dye IR LED contrast-filtered glass to eliminate all bounceback, which gives you a clear view under any lighting conditions. The vandalproof housings can stand up to the harshest environments and keep on working flawlessly throughout the life of the camera. With the choices of nighttime illumination covering anywhere from 65’ to 165’, all your applications can be securely covered by one of these innovative units. These cameras are great for schools, prisons and bank applications.

130' IR Weatherproof Bullet Security Camera $109.99 One of the most common difficulties infrared cameras are susceptible to is IR bounceback. The CFC6042IR series cameras use the latest technology no-dye IR LED contrast-filtered glass to eliminate all bounceback, which gives you a clear view under any lighting conditions. The vandalproof housings can stand up to the harshest environments and keep on working flawlessly throughout the life of the camera. With the choices of nighttime illumination covering anywhere from 65’ to 165’, all your applications can be securely covered by one of these innovative units. These cameras are great for schools, prisons and bank applications.

ACTi Megapixel Vandalproof IP Dome Security Camera $659.99 The ACTi ACM-7411 Megapixel security camera is encased in a rugged dome enclosure that is both weather and vandal resistant. This camera is an ideal choice for applications needing highly detailed network security monitoring in areas where weather or vandalism are a concern.

High Resolution 2.8-12mm Varifocal Dome Security Camera $159.99 Be ready to be surprised by the size of this high resolution vandalproof color dome camera. With only a 4.17" diameter and 2.95" height this vandal dome security camera can fit in almost any area that requires a tough, unobtrusive camera. This color security dome camera will impress you with its 550 lines of resolution and superior clarity. The 2.8-12mm auto iris lens also makes it quick and easy to aim this dome security camera for the perfect view.

RECONYX Motion Activated Covert Security Camera $649.99 The RECONYX HyperFire covert field surveillance camera may be small in size, but big on performance. With features like an extended battery life, SD memory card storage, our "no glow" covert infrared illuminator and our exclusive Ultra HD IR camera lens you will notice increased image quality, day or night. The built-in Ultra HD IR camera lens provides daytime images that are rich in color and night-time infrared images that are sharper and clearer than ever before. These RECONYX HyperFire covert infrared cameras are an excellent choice for stand-alone field surveillance situations where no power or communication lines exist. True covert infrared night time illumination allows the camera to remain undetected.Infrared (IR) – Infrared (IR) cameras feature built-in illuminators that project infrared light, which is nearly invisible to the human eye but very visible to IR surveillance cameras. This technology allows you to capture crystal clear, black and white video of suspects who feel protected by complete darkness.IR cameras are very effective in covering targeted areas with little or no light, ranging from exterior parking areas and entryways, to interior rooms requiring 24 hour surveillance. For coverage of wider areas, consider adding an additional external infrared illuminator.Digital Day/Night – Digital day/night (also referred to as electronic day/night) improves low light sensitivity, delivers a sharper image in low light conditions, and enables the camera to see in the dark without the help of external IR illuminators.Unlike true day/night cameras, which use a mechanical filter, the camera electronically adjusts colors during the day instead of using an infrared filter. This allows the digital day/night cameras to deliver similar benefits of true day/night cameras, but at a lower cost. Without the need for a physical filter, digital day/night technology can be leveraged for smaller form factors, such as bullet cameras.

420 TVL IR Vandalproof Dome Security Camera $79.99 This professional grade vandalproof day/night infrared dome camera is perfect for most security applications. The camera comes packed with features including 420 lines of resolution with a 0.0 lux low light rating. The 3-axis ball style adjustment makes it easy to surface or flush mount the dome camera. This dome security camera is very low profile and is ideal for indoor or outdoor applications, with an IP66 rating to handle harsh weather conditions.

Color ExView Wide Angle Bullet Security Camera $169.99 This color Sony ExView bullet security camera has the widest view of any camera we offer! If you place this bullet camera in the corner of your office or warehouse, you have a clear and wide view of the whole area. Our bullet security camera has 550 lines of resolution and a 0.5 lux low light rating. The aluminum case can stand up to the rigors of outdoor use, and includes our EZ-Connect cables and metal 360° swivel mounting bracket.

4 Camera 30' Weatherproof Turn-key Video Security System $399.99 See up to 30' in total darkness with the included weatherproof IR cameras. The CMOS imager provides you with high-quality video to get the detail you need in video security. Complete turn-key system includes remote control, USB mouse, video cables, power supplies and easy connection instructions.

DIGIOP Black 600 TVL 0.3 Lux IR Dome Security Camera $209.99 We offer an DIGIOP Black dome camera for virtually every application, inside or out. All cameras feature AI 2.8~11mm varifocal lenses, 12 volts DC/24 volts AC, and five-year warranty. High performance models feature our "Performance Pack" which includes several advanced features to enhance the performance of your dome camera and optimize the efficiency of your security system, including: Digital Noise Reduction (DNR), On Screen Display (OSD), and Wide Dynamic Range (WDR).  Dimensions are 3.84 H x 5.60 W.DIGIOP Black dome camera designs are based on direct feedback from our customers to deliver the ultimate in simplicity and convenience, saving you valuable time and money. All dome cameras come standard with a unique 3-part housing construction, a true 3-axis gimble, a pre-installed lanyard that securely holds the dome cover so you never drop it again, and feature a second video out (RCA) on the board for easy camera testing and adjustment. This camera comes with a 5-year warranty, and is backed by the unparalleled lifetime support of the Security Cameras Direct Support Team.

DIGIOP Black 600 TVL 0.3 Lux Dome Security Camera $199.99 We offer a DIGIOP Black dome camera for virtually every application, inside or out. All cameras feature AI 2.8~11mm varifocal lenses, 12 volts DC/24 volts AC, and five-year warranty. High performance models feature our "Performance Pack" which includes several advanced features to enhance the performance of your dome camera and optimize the efficiency of your security system, including: Digital Noise Reduction (DNR), On Screen Display (OSD), Digital Slow Shutter (DSS) and Wide Dynamic Range (WDR). Dimensions are 3.84 H x 5.60 W.DIGIOP Black dome camera designs are based on direct feedback from our customers to deliver the ultimate in simplicity and convenience, saving you valuable time and money. All dome cameras come standard with a unique 3-part housing construction, a true 3-axis gimble, a pre-installed lanyard that securely holds the dome cover so you never drop it again, and feature a second video out (RCA) on the board for easy camera testing and adjustment.This camera comes with a 5-year warranty, and is backed by the unparalleled lifetime support of the Security Cameras Direct Support Team.

DIGIOP Black 690 TVL 0.1 Lux Dome Security Camera $249.99 We offer a DIGIOP Black dome camera for virtually every application, inside or out. All cameras feature AI 2.8~11mm varifocal lenses, 12 volts DC/24 volts AC, and five-year warranty. High performance models feature our "Performance Pack" which includes several advanced features to enhance the performance of your dome camera and optimize the efficiency of your security system, including: Digital Noise Reduction (DNR), On Screen Display (OSD), Digital Slow Shutter (DSS) and Wide Dynamic Range (WDR). Dimensions are 3.84 H x 5.60 W.DIGIOP Black dome camera designs are based on direct feedback from our customers to deliver the ultimate in simplicity and convenience, saving you valuable time and money. All dome cameras come standard with a unique 3-part housing construction, a true 3-axis gimble, a pre-installed lanyard that securely holds the dome cover so you never drop it again, and feature a second video out (RCA) on the board for easy camera testing and adjustment. This camera comes with a 5-year warranty, and is backed by the unparalleled lifetime support of the Security Cameras Direct Support Team.

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TWIN TOWERS COLLAPSE? NEW PROOF: EXPLOSIVES INSIDE THE WTC BUILDINGS

Securing Ad Hoc Networks

1 Introduction

Ad hoc networks are a new paradigm of wireless communication for mobile hosts (which we call nodes). In an ad hoc network, there is no fixed infrastructure such as base stations or mobile switching centers. Mobile nodes that are within each other’s radio range communicate directly via wireless links, while those that are far apart rely on other nodes to relay messages as routers. Node mobility in an ad hoc network causes frequent changes of the network topology. Military tactical operations are still the main

Application of ad hoc networks today. For example, military units (e.g., soldiers, tanks, or planes), equipped with wireless communication devices, could form an ad hoc network when they roam in a battlefield. Ad hoc networks can also be used for emergency, law enforcement, and rescue missions. Since an ad hoc network can be deployed rapidly with relatively low cost, it becomes an attractive option for commercial uses such as sensor networks or virtual classrooms.

1.1 Security goals

Security is an important issue for ad hoc networks, especially for those security-sensitive applications. To secure an ad hoc network, we consider the following attributes: availability, confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.

Availability ensures the survivability of network services despite denial of service attacks. A denial of service attack could be launched at any layer of an ad hoc network. On the physical and media access control layers, an adversary could employ jamming to interfere with communication on physical channels. On the network layer, an adversary could disrupt the routing protocol and disconnect the network. On the higher layers, an adversary could bring down high-level services. One such target is the key management service, an essential service for any security framework.

Confidentiality ensures that certain information is never disclosed to unauthorized entities. Network transmission of sensitive information, such as strategic or tactical military information, requires confidentiality. Leakage of such information to enemies could have devastating consequences. Routing information must also remain confidential in certain cases, because the information might be valuable for enemies to identify and to locate their targets in a battlefield.

Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted. A message could be corrupted because of benign failures, such as radio propagation impairment, or because of malicious attacks on the network.

Authentication enables a node to ensure the identity of the peer node it is communicating with. Without authentication, an adversary could masquerade a node, thus gaining unauthorized access to resource and sensitive information and interfering with the operation of other nodes.

Finally, non-repudiation ensures that the origin of a message cannot deny having sent the message. No repudiation is useful for detection and isolation of compromised nodes. When a node A receives an erroneous message from a node B, non-repudiation allows A to accuse B using this message and to convince other nodes that B is compromised.

There are other security goals (e.g., authorization) that are of concern to certain applications, but we will not pursue these issues in this paper.

1.2 Challenges

The salient features of ad hoc networks posses both challenges and opportunities in achieving these security goals.

First, use of wireless links renders an ad hoc network susceptible to link attacks ranging from passive eavesdropping to active impersonation, message replay, and message distortion. Eavesdropping might give an adversary access to secret information, violating confidentiality. Active attacks might allow the adversary to delete messages, to inject erroneous messages, to modify messages, and to impersonate a node, thus violating availability, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.

Secondly, nodes, roaming in a hostile environment (e.g., a battlefield) with relatively poor physical protection, have non-negligible probability of being compromised. Therefore, we should not only consider malicious attacks from outside a network, but also take into account the attacks launched from within the network by compromised nodes. Therefore, to achieve high survivability, ad hoc networks should have a 2 distributed architecture with no central entities. Introducing any central entity into our security solution could lead to significant vulnerability; that is, if this centralized entity is compromised, then the entire network is subverted.

Thirdly, an ad hoc network is dynamic because of frequent changes in both its topology and its membership (i.e., nodes frequently join and leave the network). Trust relationship among nodes also changes, for example, when certain nodes are detected as being compromised. Unlike other wireless mobile networks, such as mobile IP [21, 48, 34], nodes in an ad hoc network may dynamically become affiliated with administrative domains. Any security solution with a static configuration would not suffice. It is desirable for our security mechanisms to adapt on-the-fly to these changes.

Finally, an ad hoc network may consist of hundreds or even thousands of nodes. Security mechanisms should be scalable to handle such a large network.

1.3 Routing Protocol and Threats

Routing protocols for ad hoc networks are still under active research. There is no single standard routing protocol. Therefore, we aim to capture the common security threats and to provide guidelines to secure routing protocols. In most routing protocols, routers exchange information on the topology of the network in order to establish routes between nodes. Such information could become a target for malicious adversaries who intend to bring the network down. There are two sources of threats to routing protocols. The first comes from external attackers. By injecting erroneous routing information, replaying old routing information, or distorting routing information, an attacker could successfully partition a network or introduce excessive traffic load into the network by causing retransmission and inefficient routing.

The second and also the more severe kind of threats come from compromised nodes, which might advertise incorrect routing information to other nodes. Detection of such incorrect information is difficult: merely requiring routing information to be signed by each node would not work, because compromised nodes are able to generate valid signatures using their private keys.

To defend against the first kind of threats, nodes can protect routing information in the same way they protect data traffic, i.e., through the use of cryptographic schemes such as digital signature. However, this defense is ineffective against attacks from compromised servers. Worse yet, as we have argued, we cannot neglect the possibility of nodes being compromised in an ad hoc network. Detection of compromised nodes through routing information is also difficult in an ad hoc network because of its dynamically changing topology: when a piece of routing information is found invalid, the information could be generated by a compromised node, or, it could have become invalid as a result of topology changes. It is difficult to distinguish between the two cases.

On the other hand, we can exploit certain properties of ad hoc networks to achieve secure routing. Note that routing protocols for ad hoc networks must handle outdated routing information to accommodate the dynamically changing topology. False routing information generated by compromised nodes could, to some extent, be considered outdated information. As long as there are sufficiently many correct nodes, the routing protocol should be able to find routes that go around these compromised nodes. Such capability of the routing protocols usually relies on the inherent redundancies — multiple, possibly disjoint, routes between nodes — in ad hoc networks.

2. Key Management Service

We employ cryptographic schemes, such as digital signatures, to protect both routing information and data traffic. Use of such schemes usually requires a key management service. We adopt a public key infrastructure because of its superiority in distributing keys and in achieving integrity and non-repudiation. Efficient secret key schemes are used to secure further communication after nodes authenticate each other and establish a shared secret session key. In a public key infrastructure, each node has a public/private key pair. Public keys can be distributed to other nodes, while private keys should be kept confidential to individual nodes. There is a trusted entity called Certification Authority (CA) [11, 47, and 26] for key management. The CA has a public/private key pair, with its public key known to every node, and signs certificates binding public keys to nodes. The trusted CA has to stay on-line to reflect the current bindings, because the bindings could change over time: a public key should be revoked if the owner node is no longer trusted or is out of the network; a node may refresh its key pair periodically to reduce the chance of a successful brute-force attack on its private key. It is problematic to establish a key management service using a single CA in ad hoc networks. The CA, responsible for the security of the entire network, is a vulnerable point of the network: if the CA is unavailable, nodes cannot get the current public keys of other nodes or to establish secure communication with others. If the CA is compromised and leaks its private key to an adversary, the adversary can then sign any erroneous certificate using this private key to impersonate any node or to revoke any certificate.

A standard approach to improve availability of a service is replication. But a naive replication of the CA makes the service more vulnerable: compromise of any single replica, which possesses the service private key, could lead to collapse of the entire system. To solve this problem, we distribute the trust to a set of nodes by letting these nodes share the key management responsibility.

3. Push! Photo: Informal Photo Sharing in Ad-Hoc Networks

As mobile camera phones become ubiquitous the practice of photography changes. Camera phone pictures are usually taken with sharing in mind. Meanwhile, publicly sharing photographs online has become increasingly popular with websites such as Flickr. Push! Photo is a mobile photo sharing application where photos can be made public and immediately accessed by anyone nearby. The application also automatically searches for photos on nearby devices to find interesting and relevant photos. Push! Photo shows how it is possible to share digital photos just as easy as paper photos.

Shoot!

Publicize!

Discover!

Enjoy!

3.1 THE PUSH! PHOTO PROTOTYPE

The current prototype of Push! Photo allows photos to be made public, and users can browse their own photo collection as well as those of others nearby. When devices are in proximity of one another, they will automatically start to search each other’s public photo collections for

Photographs relevant to one self. These photos are shown as a multi-picture slideshow, which is extended as new photos are found. To browse photos from an event shown in a particular photo the user can click on that picture in the slideshow. The application will then download all photos from nearby devices taken at that event. In this way, if a user spots an interesting picture in the slideshow, she can easily find more photos from the same occasion. To decide

Whether two photos are from the same event, information about whom else was around and the time of shooting is used. The application implements a discovery service to find other devices when they are within Wi Fi-range. Thus the application is always aware of who else (using Push!Photo) is around at a particular time. As a photograph is taken, the resulting picture is tagged with this information together with the time and the identity of the photographer. The current prototype is an application running on

Pocket PCs with WiFi-cards and external SD-cameras

3.2 RELATED WORK

In previous work with Push! Music [2] music files were replaced with so called media agents which were enabled to autonomously copy themselves between devices over a wireless ad hoc network. The media agents try to find their

way to potential listeners as users meet, and as a song is copied it automatically enters the play list. In this way the users discover new music while passively listening. Other projects have looked at mobile photo sharing. Davis et al. in MM2 uses the notion of co-presence to simplify the decision of with whom to share [1]. Photos are then uploaded automatically to a central web server where the sharing recipients can access the photos. Kohno and Rekimoto instead use GPS information and time stamps to decide if pictures are from the same event or not [4]. This is used to let users easily browse each others photos when standing in a group to serve as a topic of discussion. The system also let users drag and drop pictures between your own and other’s devices. As a contrast, Push! Photo aims to look into how mobile sharing can be simplified by allowing seamless sharing, and using context and tagging to automatically find interesting and relevant photographs

4 Conclusions

In this paper, we have analyzed the security threats an ad hoc network faces and presented the security objectives that need to be achieved. On one hand, the security-sensitive applications of ad hoc networks require high degree of security; on the other hand, ad hoc networks are inherently vulnerable to security attacks. Therefore, security mechanisms are indispensable for ad hoc networks. The idiosyncrasy of ad hoc networks poses both challenges and opportunities for these mechanisms. This paper focuses on how to secure routing and how to establish a secure key management service in an ad hoc networking environment. These two issues are essential to achieving our security goals. Besides the standard security mechanisms, we take advantage of the redundancies in ad hoc network topology and use diversity coding on multiple routes to tolerate both benign and Byzantine failures. To build a highly available and highly secure key management service, we propose to use threshold cryptography to distribute trust among a set of servers. Furthermore, our key management service employs share refreshing to achieve proactive security and to adapt to changes in the network in a scalable way. Finally, by relaxing the consistency requirement on the servers, our service does not rely on synchrony assumptions. Such assumptions could lead to vulnerability. A prototype of the key management service has been implemented, which shows its feasibility. The paper represents the first step of our research to analyze the security threats, to understand the security requirements for ad hoc networks, and to identify existing techniques, as well as to propose new mechanisms to secure ad hoc networks. More work needs to be done to deploy these security mechanisms in

an ad hoc network and to investigate the impact of these security mechanisms on the network performance.

5 Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my friends for their invaluable contributions to this work. I am also grateful to my family and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of the paper.

I am grateful to Almighty for His blessings upon me.

6 References

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About the Author

lecturer,computer science department
Model Polytechnic,Painavu.